Thursday, June 27, 2019
Home Based Business Ideas UK: Urgent Update on PM Speech Regarding the Repeal of...
Home Based Business Ideas UK: Urgent Update on PM Speech Regarding the Repeal of...: Prime Minister Theresa May Listen to my Money Tips Podcast to find out what the current PM has to say about landlords and le...
Urgent Update on PM Speech Regarding the Repeal of Section 21 of the 1988 Housing Act
Prime Minister Theresa May
Listen to my Money Tips Podcast to find out what the current PM has to say about landlords and
letting agents.
Respond to the consultation and lobby your MP if you feel the removal of section 21 would be a mistake.
You’ve heard a lot of negative news, so is this the end of
property as we know it?
NO! Of course not.
Firstly, entrepreneurs are adaptable and it’s in their DNA
to find solutions to problems.
Secondly, property investment is not just about buy-to-let
and becoming a landlord. There are dozens of strategies from development and
conversions to rent to rent and lease purchase options which require little or
no deposit and no mortgages.
You can learn these strategies and more by attending short
courses where you get to meet expert trainers and investors, as well as network
with likeminded people. Who knows, you could meet your future business or JV partner
at an event?
If
you like further details a property courses, such as a one-day
introduction to property investing, drop me a line to charles@charleskelly.net
I
have a limited number of complimentary tickets to attend an excellent course
run by experts, which will give you a clear overview into the market.
Here
are some of the courses coming up in the next few months:
Multiple
Streams ff Property Income (Three days of world-class training)
Beginner Property Secrets (Full days training)
Deal Packaging Discovery Day
Serviced Accommodation Discovery
No Money Down Discovery
Beginner Property Secrets (Full days training)
Deal Packaging Discovery Day
Serviced Accommodation Discovery
No Money Down Discovery
For
full details and a list of further courses click here
to learn how to become a UK property investor or go to http://bit.ly/2ZVAVtvcourses.
Wednesday, June 26, 2019
Home Based Business Ideas UK: Breaking news for landlords which could prevent yo...
Home Based Business Ideas UK: Breaking news for landlords which could prevent yo...: I recently attended a landlord’s meeting and was shocked at the lack of knowledge in the room, especially regarding important change...
Breaking news for landlords which could prevent you gaining possession of your property under Section 21
I recently attended a landlord’s meeting and was shocked at the lack of knowledge in the room, especially regarding important changes which came into effect this month.
Firstly, new legislation came into effect from the 1st of
June under the Tenants Fees Act 2019 regarding charging tenants – what you can and
cannot charge tenants. If you are a landlord and you ignore new letting rules,
you could face fines of up to £30,000 and a criminal charge, according to the
National Landlords Association (NLA).
Secondly, many of the landlords were unaware of Section 24 removing
mortgage interest tax relief on their buy-to-let mortgage.
Finally, landlords had no idea that following a court ruling
(Caridon Property Ltd v Monty Shooltz) Section 21 notices are invalid unless
the gas safety certificate has been given to the tenant before the tenancy
agreement has been signed.
Landlordsadvice.co.uk reports that Section 21A of the
Housing Act 1988 (as amended by the Deregulation Act 2015) provides that for
tenancies granted after 01 October 2015, a Section 21 Notice cannot be validly
served on the tenant if the landlord is in breach of a “prescribed
requirement”.
Remember that the landlord is ultimately responsible, even
if your letting agent screws up. Several agents in my area had never heard of
prescribed information when I quizzed them.
The prescribed requirements are set out in The Assured
Shorthold Tenancy Notices and Prescribed Requirements (England) Regulations
2015 (the “AST Regulations”). Regulations list the requirement for a
landlord to provide a tenant with a gas safety certificate in compliance with
the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998 (the “Gas Safety
Regulations”).
Regulation 36(5) of the Gas Safety Regulations states that
it is a statutory requirement for every landlord to ensure that:
(a) a copy of the
record made pursuant to the requirements of paragraph (3)(c) above is given to
each existing tenant of premises to which the record relates within 28 days of
the date of the check; and
(b) a copy of
the last record made in respect of each appliance or flue is given to any new
tenant of premises to which the record relates before that tenant occupies
those premises save that, in respect of a tenant whose right to occupy those
premises is for a period not exceeding 28 days, a copy of the record may instead
be prominently displayed within those premises.
However, Regulation 2(2) of the AST Regulations states that
the time limit for compliance with Regulation 36(5) of the Gas Safety
Regulations does not apply.
In this case, the court had to decide whether a landlord
could validly serve a Section 21 notice if Gas Safety Regulation 36(5)(b)
hadn’t been complied with at the start of the tenancy.
The judge came to this conclusion on the basis that a gas
safety certificate had not been provided to the tenant at the start of the
tenancy, before the tenant took up occupation although one was served shortly
before the service of the s.21 notice. Caridon Property Ltd. The ruling has
been appealed.
The judgement is a county court appeal and therefore not
binding on the county courts. However, the judgment is a decision of one of the
country’s leading housing lawyers and therefore County Courts may be persuaded
by this ruling when dealing with your claim for possession.
Interestingly, HHJ Luba is also one of the authors of
“Defending Possession Proceedings”, which is the textbook that most District
Judges have on their benches to consult when deciding housing cases.
AST regulations could be amended following this judgement or
the ruling heard by a Court of Appeal. In the meantime, any landlord who failed
to provide a gas safety certificate at the start of the tenancy, in other words
before the tenant moved in, is likely to find that they cannot serve a section
21 notice during the period of that tenancy.
The government recently announced proposals to abolish “no
fault evictions” under Section 21 notices.
On 26 June 2019, Prime Minister Theresa May confirmed the
government’s intentions during a frank speech at the Housing 2019 conference.
The Prime Minister said:
“…We are re-balancing the relationship between tenant and
landlord, making major changes that will make an immediate and lasting impact
on the lives of millions of families.
In the private sector we’ve already capped the size of
rent deposits and abolished letting fees, cutting the amount tenants have to
find upfront and making it harder for landlords and agents to take advantage of
desperate house hunters.
Now we’re going further…because if you rent a property it
will not be your house, but it is still your home.
And to me that means that if you pay your rent, play by
the by the rules and keep the house in good order your landlord should not be
allowed to throw you out on a whim. It is simply not fair.
So we’re bringing to an end the practice of the so called
no-fault evictions. Repealing the section 21 of the 1988 Housing Act.
A consultation on the changes will be published shortly,
with a view to introducing legislation later this year.”
The Government will shortly launch a consultation as to the
proposed repeal of section 21 of the Housing Act 1988 in which landlords will have
the opportunity to give their views to the government on this major proposed
change.
It is well worth becoming a member of the NLA, or similar
organisation, which represents the interests of landlords, lobbies the
government, runs a helpline and holds meetings all over the country.
The important thing is to learn your trade do your CPD by
keeping up with changes to legislation. Property still a good investment because you can use
leverage or bank and other people’s money to acquire properties.
If
you currently own property, I would not panic about new rules or jump ship as
they tend to drive out the cowboys or reluctant landlords. If you are planning
to invest, always educate yourself before dipping your toe in the market.
If
you like further details a property courses, such as a one-day introduction to
property investing, see learn how to build a property portfolio or drop me a line to charles@charleskelly.net
I
have a limited number of complimentary tickets to attend an excellent course
run by experts, which will give you a clear overview into the market.
Here
are some of the courses coming up in the next few months:
Multiple
Streams Of Property Income (Three days of world-class training)
Beginner
Property Secrets (Full
days training)
Deal
Packaging Discovery Day
Serviced
Accommodation Discovery
No
Money Down Discovery
For
full details and a list of further courses click here to get started in property in the UK.
Saturday, June 22, 2019
Is the welfare state system broken, and if so, what are you going to do to provide for your retirement?
Is the welfare state system is broken, and if so, what are you
going to do to fund your retirement and elderly care?
When I was growing up in London there were different waves
of migrants coming into the country. Many members of my extended family were
coming over on the boat from Ireland, where there was little opportunity and
widespread poverty. I also went to school with many first generation migrants
from Cyprus, India, East Africa and the Caribbean.
Later on, I saw other waves of immigration from places like
Uganda, after Idi Amin literally kicked out all of the Asian population, and
the Philippines.
I noticed that many of them bought their own houses rather
than relying on council housing, perhaps because this was not so readily
available to them as it was to the indigenous population.
Like some of my own family, they rented out part of their
house or took in a lodger to help make ends meet. Sometimes, the rent they
would and would often cover their mortgage and enable them to save money for
another house. It was inconvenient in some ways and not as comfortable as
having your own space to yourself, but they did what it took to get on.
They also had a higher tendency to start their own
businesses, based on my anecdotal observations. Perhaps because they could not
find a job which utilise their education and skills from their own country.
I also noticed that they worked harder than the average
person and often had two or three jobs.
Most British people still believed in and depended on the so-called
“cradle-to-grave” welfare state brought in after the war. They were told by the
government that they will be looked after from the time they were born until
they were buried.
Everything was meant to be free from healthcare, education
up to university level to elderly care. People pay taxes and national insurance
contributions which was supposed to provide for their pension in old age. They
also had the safety net of the benefit system which meant that they were paid
if they were unemployed or could not work.
During my early years in financial services, people would
often say things like, “the government will look after me if I don’t have enough
pension savings”, or “the state will look after my wife and children if I die
with no insurance”. In many ways, they were correct. The state does provide
benefits for people who retire without any pension, which seems on fair to all
of those people who have sacrificed and saved for retirement.
Mature Times Recently quoted a report by Canada life that
almost 2 in five pensioners or 38% of claimants receive less than £150 a week.
Can you live on £150 per week? You can probably survive on
it but you can’t live comfortably on the state pension or benefits, which is
why are you here of pensioners freezing to death in the winter or having to
make the choice between food or heat. Most people blame the government but the
fact is we all have the opportunity to work and say during our lifetime.
Furthermore,, The amount most people pay in taxes during their lifetime hardly
covers what the government needs to spend to keep everybody safe, healthy and
happy let alone provide income and benefits for another 20 or 30 years in
retirement. In other words, if someone on a low income was refunded all the
taxes they’d paid during their lifetime it would not be enough to live on for
almost as many years in retirement as they had spent in work.
The welfare system is broken and unsustainable. This is why
successive governments have had to change the rules and move the goalposts.
Retirement ages have increased, people have to sell their homes to pay for
elderly care in nursing homes and university education is no longer free in
England.
Most governments have had to borrow money to make ends meet
based on the current expenditure, which means that the country is not paying
its way as it has in the past. When we talk about the government, we are really
talking about the money we all and businesses pay in taxes. That’s it.
There is no magic fund sitting there and there are no oil wells to subsidise
us. The money through taxes come in and goes out.
When the welfare state was devised just after the war in the
1940’s, it was estimated that in average people would live for less than 5 years
in retirement – a large proportion of males died before they were 50 and a 70
year old seemed ancient! I know people in their 70’s now who look and act like
someone in their 50’s. The actuaries then also calculated that the number of
people in work would be able to support the number of people in retirement in
the tax payer funded pay-as-you-go old aged pension system. There is no old state
pension ‘fund’ put aside for you.
The above seventy-year-old assumptions are long out of date.
People are now living far longer on average and there are now more people in
retirement and ever before. More worrying, the ratio of working people to
retired has changed dramatically.
As in other developed countries, advances in medicine and
diets have contributed to UK citizens living longer, a trend set to continue.
By 2050, the proportion of the UK population aged 65 and over is projected to
reach nearly a quarter at 24 per cent, up from 17 per cent in 2012, according
to the ONS.
The fastest increases will be among the “oldest old”, with
the proportion aged 85 and over forecast to treble from 2 per cent to 6 per
cent.
Academics say these rapidly evolving demographic changes
will affect everyone in society, not just the elderly.
An even bigger problem is that as the proportion reaching
retirement age grows, the number of working age people will shrink as birth
rates decline.
This is a concern because UK state pension payments are
funded through taxation and national insurance contributions from those of
working age. It could be described as some similar to a legalised ‘Ponzi’
scheme.
Tax revenue from those in work may fail to keep up with
demand for social security — and governments will have to make tough choices, according
to David Sinclair, International Longevity Centre UK in an article in the FT.
The number of working age people to every pensioner, or the
“old age support ratio”, is forecast to fall to 2.9 by 2050, from 3.3 in the
mid-1970s to 2006, or a 10% drop. That’s less than 3 people working to support
one person in retirement and all of the other benefits as well as healthcare, social
care, education, security and defence. I’m not an economist, but to me the
figures just don’t add up!
“Tax revenue from those in work may fail to keep up with
demand for social security and healthcare from an increasingly large proportion
of people aged over 65 and out of work and who have poor health,” said Mr
Sinclair. “This will force governments to make tough choices.”
This is already happening. Not unaware of the looming
problem, the government has pushed back the qualification age for the state
pension to 67 by 2028. The state pension age will equalise at
65 for women and men by 2018.
The government has also taken steps to address big
shortfalls in private pension savings, through the automatic enrolment of
eligible staff into workplace pensions.
Under this policy, 2 per cent of a worker’s qualifying
earnings is saved into a pension, comprising a contribution from employer, employee
and tax relief, rising to 8 per cent by 2018. However, the pension scheme is a
defined contribution, rather than benefit, and returns and not guaranteed and will depend on fund
growth, much of which will be stock market based.
Like Universal Credit, these policies are not vote winners. When
the state owned BBC recently announced that it would be removing free TV licenses
(which costs about £13 per month) for the over 75's, there was public outrage
and a campaign has already started to reverse the decision. I expect the BBC
will cave in under pressure and have to make cuts elsewhere.
Since the new pensions policy was introduced, 5m have been
automatically enrolled. But there is a concern new “Freedom and Choice” reforms
giving pension savers full flexibility to spend pension savings as they wish,
such as on cars or holidays and not on a secure pension income, could undermine
auto-enrolment.
“Before the age of 65, workers are actively nudged into
pension saving through auto-enrolment,” says James Lloyd, director of the
Strategic Society Centre, a think-tank.
If you would like to find out more about your pension entitlement
go online or contact the Department of Work and Pensions (DWP) for a forecast.
You can top up your state pension or fund your own
private pension scheme or employers’ scheme. In reality, most people are not
saving nearly enough into their pension plan, as I explained in my earlier
podcasts.
As always, take professional independent financial advice
because I am not your financial adviser.
So, is the welfare system broken? It may not be completely
broken but it's certainly in need of a major refit or overhaul. Unfortunately,
it is being patched up here and there like an old house because it is difficult
for any government to tell it like it is and make those tough decisions.
I expect what will happen is that we will all muddle along
for another decade until the government decides to take more radical action to
deal with the pensions timebomb and elderly care problem. I haven't even
started on elderly and social care, or dementia, which is another Pandora's
box! In the meantime, you better start rowing your own boat and not
relying on the state or your employer to look after you.
On a more philosophical note, maybe the centuries old party is
over for the west as the east grows stronger and takes more of our lunch? As
the 16 year old Swedish climate campaigner, Greta Thunberg wisely put it,
why should the rest of the world suffer so we can live in luxury?
Does all this make you worried? If so, good. We all need to wake
up!
What can you do? Follow these three steps.
- Step one, wake up.
- Step two, start educating yourself on money and investing.
- Step three, keep on learning about money and investing.
When I talked about migrants coming here years ago and
buying houses and renting out the rooms, you might say that that was alright
then but you can’t do it now, but you’ll be wrong.
The same opportunities to invest in property are available
to you today and in fact it is much easier to get into property than it was
years ago.
Mortgages are easier to obtain and money is everywhere
Interest rates are lower
There are buy-to-let mortgages available in abundance
You can rent out a room tax-free up to £7500 per annum
There are training courses available where you can learn how
to build a property portfolio even if you don’t have any money to put down.
The last point is the most important. When my family migrated to the UK there were no training courses and nobody tell you how to
get a mortgage or buy a property. They had to learn by trial and error and
mortgages were not so freely available.
Since I started attending courses a few years ago the
information I received literally open my eyes to the world of opportunity.
If you would like more information on a beginner’s
property taster course, I
have a limited number of complimentary tickets to attend an excellent course
run by experts, which will give you a clear overview into the market. Click
the link below or email me at Charles@charleskelly.net.
To get further details on property courses, such as a one-day introduction to
property investing, see https://ambassadorshub.co.uk/ambassador/index.php?aid=AMB0427
or drop me a line to charles@charleskelly.net
Home Based Business Ideas UK: Money is everywhere in abundance if you have the r...
Home Based Business Ideas UK: Money is everywhere in abundance if you have the r...: You will see that money is everywhere if you have the right 'money mindset, which I cover in my book, Yes, Money Can Buy You Happ...
Money is everywhere in abundance if you have the right money mindset to 'see' it
You will see that money is everywhere if you have the right 'money mindset, which I cover in my book, Yes, Money Can Buy You Happiness. There are trillions of Dollars in circulation right now. This does not include the hundreds of billions in pension funds, venture capital and hedge all looking for places to invest.
Examples of people who had a different money mindset are two
former members of the Beatles pop group, the late John Lennon and George
Harrison.
John Lennon wife once asked him for a swimming pool and he
said, okay I’ll write you one!
When the ISKCON Hari Krishna movement approached George
Harrison, for help to fund a new centre in the UK in the early 1970’s, he
donated money for a property and wrote the album All Things Must Pass to help
raise the money for the movement. One of the massive hits from that triple
album was My Sweet Lord, which featured the chant Hari Krishna and went on to
sell 7 million copies, outstripping sales by his former Beatle colleagues after
the band split. The property Bhaktiavedanta Manor in Hertfordshire is still
there today. I have visited the manor many times and walked in the
commemorative garden opened by his widow Olivia.
You might be thinking, "ok, that's alright if you're a
songwriter, but what about me? Fine, you may not be a writer or an artist, but
you have talent, knowledge and experience in some other area.
In another example, a Guru in India, who needed millions of
dollars to fund a new temple and centre., was asked, where is the money going
to come from? He replied, “from where ever it is now “.
People with this level of mindset realise that when you have
a project or a goal money is no object. The money is out there and you just
have to find it, attracted, manifest it, ask for it or whatever you want to
call it. Lionel Richie said songs and ideas are "in the air".
Billionaires are multimillionaires truly believe that if
they lost everything today they would soon be rich again. Don’t forget, only a
few years ago Donald Trump’s business empire was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy and
people were saying he was finished.
If Richard Branson lost it all today, how long do you think
it would be before he would be a billionaire again? Much of his fortune has
been made using other people’s money, ideas and work. All they needed was the
virgin name.
Develop an abundance mindset by remembering that there is
more money in the world chasing good ventures and ideas than there are ventures
available.
If you are interested in developing and improving your money
mindset, check out more on this subject in my book, Yes, Money Can Buy You Happiness, on Amazon
- http://bit.ly/2MoneyBook
Friday, June 14, 2019
Home Based Business Ideas UK: The 4 D’s Of Getting Things Done And Feeling Bette...
Home Based Business Ideas UK: The 4 D’s Of Getting Things Done And Feeling Bette...: This simple, 4 step process will help you stay on top of things and feel better about yourself what ever the outcome. Do you find...
The 4 D formula for getting more things done and feeling good whatever t...
The
4 D formula for getting more things done and feeling good whatever the outcome!
This
simple, 4 step process will help you stay on top of things and feel better
about yourself whatever the outcome.
Do
you find yourself feeling overwhelmed by endless to do lists and a tray full of
things to sort out? If the answer to this question is, yes, join the club! Most
of us have been there!
I
want to give you a quick 4-step process to help you get more organised and,
more importantly, feel better about yourself whatever the outcome.
The
process has evolved from the combination of things I’ve learned over the years
and the many books. For instance, Life Leverage by Rob Moore and Getting Things
Done by renowned expert and bestselling author David Allen.
David
Allen’s book is great, well I say great, but I haven’t actually read it! I’ve
read bits and pieces and I think it will be a dipper rather than a page turner.
It will, however, look great on my bookshelf and people will think that I must
be super organised!
My
advice to David is, if you write in the book aimed at people who are
overwhelmed and can’t get things done, there is no point in writing a 300-page,
small print book, with no photos because no one will ever finish let alone
someone who is disorganised! How will they ever get around to it? Your book
will end up in that pile of unread books and things to do and cause them more
stress!
Before
I start, over the years I have observed hundreds of people, many of whom I have
employed in my businesses, and I have come to the conclusion that there are two
types:
Organised
tidy desk person (OTDP)
Disorganised
messy desk person (DMDP)
Sorry
to disappoint you, but that’s the way it is.
Incidentally,
I have a messy desk. I really do envy those OTDPs who can breeze into work on
time and looking fresh and just eat admin, get everything done and then leave
the office with a completely tidy desk, other than a photo of their loved one
and their favourite personally washed clean mug! Bang on leaving time, they
smile and wave goodbye to everyone, pick up their gym bag and walk out of the
office knowing they have finished the jobs they set out to finish and some
more.
Invariably,
I have found that if you want to employ someone in an admin or an office based
role you better make sure they are an OTDP.
When
it comes to getting things done, how do you feel about things matters more than
you imagine.
If
you are already stressed about a task or hate doing that task, the chances of
you getting on with it are slim. Invariably, you will leave until the eleventh
hour and do it badly or miss the deadline altogether.
There
must be a better way of going through life than being stressed all the time -
becasue there will ALWAYS be things to do, problems, grass growing under your
feet and so on.
Have
you read the book, 1000 places to see before you die? How on earth can you say
1000 places all over the world? It might well be called 1000 places you
probably won’t see before you die, so get over it! I started reading that book
a few years ago and at first it was great. There I was, highlighting the places
I had already seen and would be visiting in the near future. But then it started
to become a little overwhelming. How was I going to get to all of these
countries in the time I had available? Even if 5 years off and went backpacking
around the world I never get to all the places. Most people only have one or
two main holidays a year where they travel abroad, so that's about 80 places
you might get to in a forty-year working life!
Back
to getting things done and feeling good regardless. Here are my 4 Ds:
- Do it
- Delegate
it
- Defer
it
- Ditch
it
1.
Do it
Sometimes
you’ve just got to knuckle down, lock yourself away, turn off the TV and get it
done! Sorry, but nothing moves without action, so you may need discipline or a
kick up the arse from someone or yourself.
Things
stop us getting things done are fear and not knowing how to do them.
Fear
is easy to overcome - just get started.
Not
knowing how it's done is easy to overcome. There is a very simple way to learn
how to do almost anything nowadays - Google it. You can now google almost any
task on earth and quickly find out how to perform even the most technical
things in minutes. When a friend of mine was locked out of her Porsche Boxster
because the battery had gone flat. We got the door open and then realised that
the boot lever was electronic and needed battery power! The battery was in the
boot and the boot lever needed a full battery.
After
searching the manual in vain, I googled it and within minutes I was watching a
video of how to get the boot open with a flat battery. It worked!
If
you really can’t get things done you might need some help or you might need to
go to step two
2.
Delegate it
Delegation
sounds obvious, but so many people fail to master it or think they are the only
ones who can do the job right.
You
have to learn to let go, recognise your strengths and weaknesses and delegate
tasks you don't like doing or don't do very well.
I
don’t like admin and things like tax returns and forms. This is why I delegate
it to a PA, accountant or bookkeeper.
I
also get no fun out of cleaning and mowing the lawn, so I hire people at £10 an
hour so I can either do things I enjoy doing or tasks that will earn me more
than £10 per hour.
You
can also delegate thousands of tasks using the millions of freelancers listed
sites such as Upwork.
If
it’s a job you cannot delegate you may need to go to step three.
3.
Defer it
Deferring
something will not cause the stress by not doing it and worrying about why you
have not done it.
In
other words, you’re making a deal with yourself to say, I can’t do this right
now, but I will do it at a future date. Pop it in your calendar. Stress over.
It’s
ok to have a “someday Isle” list of things you may or may not do.
If
you can’t do it, delegate it or defer it you know what comes next.
4.
Ditch it!
This
can be the most liberating step at all, but I would suggest you go through the
first three steps before you start throwing everything away!
Ditching
it can mean that you just tell yourself that you’re not going to do a certain
task and you’re not bothered about it. You could still go back to in the
future, but in the meantime, it’s not
weighing on your mind.
At
the end of the day you can lower the high standards of efficiency you mentally
set for yourself in many areas of your life. It's fine to have a messy
garage or unpacked boxes from the last move. Don’t worry about it.
When
I ran a business, I would have a good clear out of old papers every once in a
while. It was amazing to find that many of the things that hadn't been done or
responded to months back had not made any difference to my life. So many
seemingly important things to do, which I thought were problems and caused me
stress and worry at the time over time actually 'went away' by themselves. I
could have ditched those things at the time and never had to
worry about them.
I'm
not suggesting that you ignore problems, but do apply the 4 D process to them.
On
the other hand, as Mark Twain once said, I’ve had many problems in my life, but
most of them never happened.
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